这两天媒体报导英国有研究人员“发现”蟾蜍能够预报地震,论文发表在Journal of Zoology上面。中文媒体也有翻译报导。Discovery.com的一位博客作者就此请教了Susan Hough(她是美国地质调查局和加州理工学院工作人员,经常在地震之后出面向公众介绍地震知识),Susan Hough做了回答。
In order to take a serious look at whether this toad thing has anything to it — and whether the little buggers were somehow able to read electrical signals from the edge of space — I consulted with Susan Hough, a seismologist at Caltech. After having a read of the paper, here’s what she had to say:
This is a good example of bad science. The earthquake prediction heyday of the 1970s was launched and sustained by similar studies: people who found snippets of data after the fact that showed an apparent correlation between some signal and an eventual earthquake. This is not good statistics. You can’t select data after the fact.
【翻译:这是坏科学的典型例子。在地震预报高潮的1970年代,曾经开展这类研究:一些人在地震之后找到一些片段的数据,来说明某些信号和最终发生的地震之间的明显的关系。这不是好的统计学。你不能在事件发生后去选择数据。】
In this case, there’s no way to know what kind of fluctuations are normally seen in toad activity, or what else might have been going on in the study area that could have influenced toad behavior.
【翻译:在这个例子里,没有办法知道蟾蜍活动的什么样的波动属于正常现象,或者研究区什么其它过程有可能影响到了蟾蜍的行为。】
It is within the realm of possibility that there are precursory signals before some earthquakes, and that animals might respond to them. But to demonstrate a significant correlation one would need to have a long record of objectively-recorded data before and after many earthquakes.
【翻译:确实有这样的可能性:在某些地震之前存在前兆信号,并且动物对这样的信号有反应。但是,要展示一个有意义的关联,研究者必须在多次地震之前和之后进行长期客观的数据记录。】
On the question of the ionosphere, she added:
There have been a number of studies of satellite observations that approach the bar for good science, in terms of applying rigorous statistics, etc. And, again, it is within the realm of possibility that VLF [Very Low Frequency] precursors exist.
But the snippets of data shown are insufficient to draw conclusions.
…
There are really two questions: 1) do precursors exist, and 2) do useful precursors exist? It is possible that precursory signals — electromagnetic, whatever — are generated in the earth prior to SOME earthquakes, but these precursors, if they exist, will have no predictive capability if they do not reliably occur before large earthquakes, and only before large earthquakes.
【翻译:(地震前兆)有两个问题:(1)前兆存在吗?(2)可用的前兆存在吗?在某些地震之前有可能产生前兆信号——电磁的或者别的什么的,但是,这样的前兆,如果存在的话,并没有预报意义,除非它们在大地震之前可靠地存在、并且只在大地震之前存在。】
这个“预测”来自美国全球商业网络咨询公司(GBN)2003年10月份的一个报告:《气候突变的情景及其对美国国家安全的意义》(Global Business Network: “An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security”)。这份报告“预测”了2010-2030年气候突变带来的各种灾难图景,从气象气候灾害、到资源争夺、到生态难民和战争。在中国“国家气候中心”网页上可以见到中文译文全文(http://www.ipcc.cma.gov.cn/upload/unfccc/Climate_Change_and_National_Security-c.pdf)。
John Graham-Cumming研究了前述几行代码前后更多的语句。这段程序的文件名是“briffa_sep98_d”,说明工作很可能是1998年做的,作者是Briffa(现在知道就是Keith Briffa,也是卷入“气候门”邮件的CRU工作人员)。那段代码后面有几句是要做另外一张图(对比1880到1994年间不同年份的温度、树木年轮宽度等),John Graham-Cumming发现,这张图确实出现在Briffa、Osborn、以及Phil Jones等人1998年的一篇文章,而这篇文章确实和前述那几行可疑代码毫无关系。
John Graham-Cumming把这个结果写在了自己的博客里面:“The ‘very artificial correction’ flap looks like much ado about nothing to me(http://www.jgc.org/blog/2009/11/very-artificial-correction-flap-looks.html)”。我以前看到John Graham-Cumming在另外一个博客后面的讨论;ClimateAudit网站的McIntyre也参加了,McIntyre承认这段程序确实不是数据作弊,但认为这说明气候学家们工作不严谨。可惜现在找不到这段讨论是在哪里了。
I hope you’re not right about the lack of warming lasting till about 2020. I’d rather hoped to see the earlier Met Office press release with Doug’s paper that said something like - half the years to 2014 would exceed the warmest year currently on record, 1998! Still a way to go before 2014. I seem to be getting an email a week from skeptics saying where’s the warming gone. I know the warming is on the decadal scale, but it would be nice to wear their smug grins away. (2009年初的邮件)
;
; Apply a VERY ARTIFICAL correction for decline!!
;
yrloc=[1400,findgen(19)*5.+1904]
valadj=[0.,0.,0.,0.,0.,-0.1,-0.25,-0.3,0.,-0.1,0.3,0.8,1.2,1.7,2.5,2.6,2.6,$
2.6,2.6,2.6]*0.75 ; fudge factor
if n_elements(yrloc) ne n_elements(valadj) then message,’Oooops!’
;
yearlyadj=interpol(valadj,yrloc,timey)
;
This was done for a set of experiments reported in this submitted 2004 draft by Osborn and colleagues but which was never published. Section 4.3 explains the rationale very clearly which was to test the sensitivity of the calibration of the MXD proxies should the divergence end up being anthropogenic. It has nothing to do with any temperature record, has not been used in any published reconstruction and is not the source of any hockey stick blade anywhere.
(这段程序是用于Osborn等人2004年寄出的一篇稿件中的一组试验,但是从没有发表。稿件的4.3节非常清楚地解释了其原理【中间一句不好翻,我就不翻译了】。这段程序和温度记录毫无关系,从来没有应用于任何已发表的古代温度重建工作,并且从未作为任何地方的hockey stick模型末端的数据源。【注:hockey stick模型末端是指AGW主张的1850年以来全球温度“前所未有”的快速上升。】)
“气候门”丑闻之前之后,戈尔和IPCC都被指责夸大“全球变暖”和气象灾害之间的关系。气候研究的核心人物Michael Mann也承认,他的一些同行以及政策制定者太急于宣布某些问题已有“科学定论”,特别是有关气候变化后果的问题( his colleagues and policymakers were too eager to present certain scientific conclusions as “settled” — particularly with regard to possible consequences from climate change, which he says need further study. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/environment/2010-03-10-warming_N.htm)。关键之处是,如果一些人宣布某一场干旱能够说明全球变暖,那么另一些人就可以宣布某一次严冬就能够表明全球变冷。看来CSIRO和中国国家气候中心都已经认识到了把“气候变化”庸俗化的害处。
Ethical consumers less likely to be kind and more likely to steal, study finds
When Al Gore was caught running up huge energy bills at home at the same time as lecturing on the need to save electricity, it turns out that he was only reverting to “green” type.
According to a study, when people feel they have been morally virtuous by saving the planet through their purchases of organic baby food, for example, it leads to the “licensing [of] selfish and morally questionable behaviour”, otherwise known as “moral balancing” or “compensatory ethics”.