视频:2010终极猜想 外星人来过地球吗?(上)

14 02 2010年

http://space.tv.cctv.com/video/VIDE1266158578915885

(如网速慢请改选标清)



英国《卫报》:中国情侣赶在虎年到来之前结婚

14 02 2010年

记者:Tania Branigan
英国《卫报》2010年2月12日
翻译:方舟子

这个日子听上去像是白头偕老的理想开端:由于罕见的巧合,在星期天,中国新年刚好是情人节。但是对许多中国情侣来说,正在来临的虎年一点也不浪漫。

焦急的情侣们赶在新年到来之前匆匆结合,担心阳历与阴历的失配产生了与不育有关的“寡妇年”。

把某个日子与祸福联系在一起,这在中国文化中根深蒂固,虽然在毛泽东时代它曾经受到压制。专家们说,现在这种信仰又开始流行。

在星期三——根据历书是本周最吉利的日子——在北京一家(结婚登记)办公室开始办公一个小时内,就聚集了近300对配偶。

虽然今天(星期五)没有那么吉利,新娘新郎们还是在虎年到来之前到结婚登记处“抓牛尾巴”。

“这是牛年的年终,我们听说明年全年都不宜结婚,”42岁的赵硕新一边拿起她的结婚证一边说。她的新丈夫,54岁的张宁说:“我们以前就计划好要结婚,但是我们太忙了。既然这是(牛年)最后一个工作日,我们想最好还是来把手续办了。”

王双和他的未婚妻都快24岁了,他们另有麻烦。“明年是我们的本命年——我们都属虎——所以对我们来说本来就都不宜结婚。”他说。

“我们并不是很在乎,但是我们的父母很在乎。”李婷对她的未来丈夫微笑着说。

丰台区登记处的钟先生说,为了满足额外的要求,他们延长了办公时间。“有人问我们是不是真的(明年不吉利),我们总是告诉他们,年轻人去迎合这种习俗是不对的。”他补充说。

“他们在乎很多事情;例如,6、8和9都被看做是结婚的好日子。”

对许多人来说,这些因素——以及实际的考虑——将会消除来年的阴影。虽然2008年也是一个寡妇年,但是与数字8联系在一起的好运胜过了坏运——特别是对在8月8日结婚的超过11万对的配偶来说。

西方影响也在慢慢地渗透。钟先生补充说,有些年轻人认为2月14日是一个吉利日子,虽然4通常被认为不吉利,因为它和“死”谐音。

反对迷信的著名斗士方舟子说,明年被认为有问题,是因为“立春”——在根据太阳历编的节气中它代表春天的开始——在今年的2月4日,而农历要在10天后过新年。这意味着虎年无春。

因为春天是和阳联系在一起的——在道家阴阳学说中它与男性和生殖有关——结果就是个“寡妇”年。有人还认为白虎年对男人也不吉。

“遵循这类传统习俗变得很流行。在过去只有农村那样的落后地区会相信这一套,但是现在越来越多的城市居民也相信。”方舟子补充说。

“每19个农历年就有7年没有立春。没有证据表明在这些年结婚的妇女更容易当寡妇。”

对“花庭希圃”婚礼公司来说,这种信仰让他们在一月份生意兴隆——客户多达平时的三倍——但是明年的预定量下降了,该公司焦急的老板赵先生说。

但是那些计划再等12个月的情侣也许应该再考虑一下。有人担心2011年能被证明同样不宜结婚,因为那个数字的后两位数看上去就像两个光棍站在一起。

Chinese couples rush to marry before tiger pounces

Solar and lunar mismatch means weddings have been brought forward to avoid marrying in a ‘widow year’

Tania Branigan Beijing
guardian.co.uk, Friday 12 February 2010 15.51 GMT

It sounds like the ideal date to begin a lifetime together: in a rare alignment, on Sunday the Chinese new year falls on Valentine’s Day. But for many couples in China there is nothing romantic about the approaching year of the tiger.

Anxious couples have been hastening to tie the knot before the day arrives, concerned that the mismatch between solar and lunar calendars has produced a “widow year”, associated with infertility.

The association of certain dates with good or ill fortune has deep roots in Chinese culture, although it was shunned under Mao Zedong. Now, say experts, such beliefs are flourishing again.

On Wednesday - the most auspicious day this week, according to almanacs - almost 300 couples converged on one Beijing office within an hour of it opening.

Although today was less well-starred, brides and grooms still arrived at registries to “catch the tail of the ox”, before the tiger arrived.

“This is the end of the ox year and we heard the whole of the next one will be bad for marriage,” said Zhao Shuoxin, 42, as she clutched her wedding certificate. Her new husband, 54-year-old Zhang Ning, said: “We planned to get married before but we have been so busy. Since this is the last working day we thought we’d better come along right away.”

For Wang Shuang and his fiancée, both turning 24, there was an additional complication. “Next year is our birth year - we are tigers - so it’s not lucky to marry then anyway,” he said.

“We don’t really care about it so much, but our parents care a lot,” added Li Ting, smiling at her husband-to-be.

Mr Zhong of the Fengtai registry said it had extended opening hours to meet the extra demand. “Some ask us whether it’s true [that next year is unlucky] and we always tell them it is wrong for young people to follow such trends,” he added.

“They care about lots of things; for example, 6,8 and 9 are all seen as good dates to get married.”

For many, those factors - as well as practical considerations - will erase any shadow over the coming year. While 2008 was also a widow year, the good luck associated with the figure 8 outweighed the stain - especially for the more than 110,000 couples who married on 8 August.

Western influences are creeping in as well. Some young people thought 14 February was an auspicious date, Zhong added, even though 4 is usually considered unlucky because it sounds like the word for death.

Fang Zhouzi, a well-known campaigner against superstition, said the problem with the coming year is that “lichun” - the beginning of spring in the solar-based agrarian calendar - fell on 4 February this year, while the new year is 10 days later. That means the year of the tiger has no spring.

Because spring is associated with yang - the part of the yin-yang Taoist duality associated with maleness and procreation - the result is a “widow” year. Some also think that the tiger year is not good for men.

“Following these traditions has become popular. In the past only people in backward areas like villages would believe in it, but now more and more city dwellers do,” Fang added.

“Every 19 lunar years include seven years without lichun. There is no evidence that women married in those years can become widows more easily.”

For the Huatinxipu wedding company the belief has brought a bumper January - with three times as many customers as usual - but a decrease in bookings for the coming year, said its anxious boss Mr Zhao.

But couples planning to wait 12 months may want to think again. Some fear 2011 could prove equally unsuitable for weddings, because the two ones at the end of the date look like singletons standing side by side.

Additional research by Chen Shi



电视节目预告:央视《走近科学——2010终极猜想》

12 02 2010年

【方舟子按:我参加了《外星人来过地球吗?》、《野人之谜》这两个节目的辩论,是在同一天录制的,将在初一、初二、初五、初六晚上播出。】

《走近科学——2010终极猜想》春节初一至初八每晚20:30精彩呈现!

大年初一到初八每晚20:30,中央电视台《走近科学》栏目将隆重推出《2010终极猜想》,举世瞩目的四大科幻话题给观众呈现耳目一新的视听感受与头脑激荡,将打造一场全民关注、全民表达、全民猜想的科学探索盛宴!

《走近科学》春节特别节目《2010终极猜想》,在内容上以科学未解之谜的猜想与争论为核心,就四大终极话题:“外星人是否在到过地球”、“水怪到底怪不怪”、“野人出没是真是假”、“机器人能否战胜人类”展开热烈论辩。参与讨论的嘉宾由相关专家、学者、业内人士、媒体人和专业发烧友为主组成,分正反两方就话题进行探讨与争锋。通过展示话题相关的证据:野人毛发、脚印、水怪搜索影像、UFO视频、机器人现场表演等,带领大家进入奇妙的科学推理世界。现场观众分成正反两队,在讨论中进行自由的科学畅想,也可通过换位等方式,表达自己对于话题争论的态度,对现场嘉宾的论战进行支持。

《2010终极猜想》事件新奇曲折,观点丰富多彩,争论层次清晰,涉及到的相关知识范畴极广。在保障科学态度和客观公正的前提下,话题争论事件化,事件争论实证化,达到话题引人关注、证据出人意料、论辩针锋相对、环节层层推进、猜想天马行空的效果。强调科学认知未解之谜,鼓励探索精神与想象力,发挥频道独特资源优势,打造开放而客观的科学猜想论辩的平台。在春节期间给观众呈现耳目一新的视听感受与头脑激荡,打造一场全民关注、全民表达、全民猜想的科学探索盛宴。春节初一到初八CCTV10每晚20:30《走近科学——2010终极猜想》敬请关注!

《外星人来过地球吗?(上)》
这一期节目由五位嘉宾和观众共同探讨外星人是否来过地球的话题。上集节目主要探讨了UFO是什么?嘉宾和观众通过观看各种UFO视频来讨论UFO到底是不是外星人的飞行器。经过讨论,大部分UFO视频都认为是视觉误判或人为造假所致。但是相信外星人来过地球的一方坚持认为仍有一些UFO至今无法解释。
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月14日20:30播出

《外星人来过地球吗?(下)》
这一期节目由五位嘉宾和观众共同探讨外星人是否来过地球的话题。主要探讨如果外星人真的能来地球,是通过何种方式来到地球,以及地球上的神秘地带和神秘事件是否是外星人留下的?可是很多神秘地带都可以从考古学的角度解释。而双方嘉宾在交锋之后认同面对这样的未解之谜,可以大胆的猜想,但需要不断的科学求证。
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月15日20:30播出

《水怪到底怪不怪(上)》
世界各地和全国各地的“水怪”传闻大多经不起推敲。而中国新疆的喀纳斯“水怪”,一直以来疑问最多、悬念最多,也显得最为神秘。正方嘉宾旅游作家眭澔平,与反方嘉宾科学松鼠会成员王冬、媒体人陶峻就“喀纳斯到底有没有水怪?”展开了讨论。目击者古女士展示了自己拍摄的“水怪”视频。来自喀纳斯的“水怪”目击者也谈到了他们的见闻,当地牧民还谈到了“湖怪”的传说。正、反方嘉宾结合这些目击者的描述,主要从视频是真是假、眼见是否为实两个角度展开了讨论。最后,杭州应用声学研究所的王月兵,给大家介绍了喀纳斯湖声纳探测的结果,湖底确实有一条长达3、4米的不明水生物。
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月16日20:30播出

《水怪到底怪不怪(下)》
各方嘉宾就“声纳检测到的不明水生物究竟是什么”展开了讨论。最终意见趋于一致,认为喀纳斯“水怪”极有可能是大红鱼。那么大红鱼能够长到多大?一方嘉宾认为它能够长到10米以上,并且出示了相关证据。一方嘉宾从生长规律、食物含量等角度进行了反驳,认为大红鱼最多能够长到4米。在讨论僵持不下之际,袁国映又抛出大红鱼能够长到120多米的论断,将讨论推向高潮。如果大红鱼能够长到120多米,它将是地球上最大的动物。袁国映的言论一出,立刻遭到反方嘉宾的反驳。最后中科院水生所何舜平对现场辩论进行了点评。
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月17日20:30播出

《野人之谜(上)》
1977年,中科院连同湖北当地政府,曾经在神农架地区开展一次历时一年的大规模科学考察—寻找野人,但最终并没有取得实物线索。随后的几十年里,各地的密林深处,野人目击事件层出不穷。《终极猜想》之《野人之谜》,将在演播室邀请嘉宾和观众对“野人到底是否存在?”进行争论和猜想。中国科学探险协会奇异珍稀动物协会王方辰、野人考察队员于军、中国科学院动物研究所博士张劲硕、生物学博士自由撰稿人方舟子等几位嘉宾,将围绕主要集中探讨野人考察中发现的野人窝、野人毛发等痕迹证据是否可靠,以及野人目击者的描述是否真实可信展开热烈的讨论。
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月18日20:30播出

《野人之谜(下)》
《终极猜想》之《野人之谜》将在演播室邀请嘉宾和观众对“野人到底是否存在?”进行争论和猜想。中国科学探险协会奇异珍稀动物协会王方辰、野人考察队员于军、生物学博士自由撰稿人方舟子、北京师范大学心理学院副院长周仁来、中国科学院古脊椎与古人类研究所研究员袁振新等嘉宾的参与将把话题研讨延伸至:目击是否可信,记忆是否真实,以及现场大脚印痕迹展示和鉴定,最终以对野人之谜的学理探讨和观众的支持度得出此次辩论猜想的结果。
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月19日20:30播出

《机器人来了(上)》
机器人是我们人类历史上一个闪亮的智慧结晶,随着科技的发展机器人会越来越像人类,机器人的智能会越来越强大,它可以替人类干很多复杂的连人类自己都无法做到的事情,但是它有一个致命的弱点,它不具备人类的思维能力,没有爱恨情仇,这是现在机器人的水平。但如果将来科技能够复制人类的神经元,机器人能够独立思维,那时的世界会否像《黑客帝国》那样失控?因此本集争论话题:未来机器人会是怎样,能否超越人类的智慧水平?
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月20日20:30播出

《机器人来了(下)》
未来机器人可能会在外形上以假乱真,在功能上也的确有许多远胜过人类的方面。但是,随着它们的日益强大,会不会威胁到人类的安全?如果有一天,它们具有了脱离于人类之外的自主思维,拥有了自己的爱恨情仇,人类该怎么办?既然如此,人类为什么要给自己制造麻烦呢?人类会被自己创造的一个物种打败吗?本集争论话题:机器人能否取代人类进而统治世界?人类该怎样利用机器人与它们和谐相处?
CCTV10《走近科学》2010年2月21日20:30播出



中国两名科学家在涉嫌70篇论文造假后被解职

12 02 2010年

Wu Ni

2010年1月13日SciDev.Net

两名中国大学的讲师在一家国际期刊上发表的70篇论文因涉嫌造假被撤销,他们随后被学校开除。

中国南部江西省井冈山大学的讲师钟华和刘涛2007年在《晶体学报:E分卷》发表了这些论文。但是,这家期刊上个月(12月19日)宣布论文存在造假,十天后,两名讲师被学校开除公职。

这是中国一连串科学欺诈事件中最新的一起。中国在2006年制定了打击不端行为的规定来应对这个问题,并在2009年进一步描述了七种学术不端行为及其惩罚后果。

但是,多年来在中国打击学术造假的批评人士方舟子说,评估研究者工作成果的方式需要深刻的变革。

方告诉SciDev.Net,中国大学和学术机构过于注重发表论文的数量而非其质量。

“研究人员要得到奖励和晋升,很大程度上基于他所发表论文的数量,这成为促使研究者造假的危险的激励方式。”他说。

井冈山大学的一位发言人说,造假事件的发生源于两位讲师“缺乏道德正直”,称学校对此全不知情。

但是方说,大学也有责任,因为它设定了一个量化的标准来评估研究者的工作。

他特别指出井冈山大学2006年发布的一份通告。通告说,研究者在科学引文索引(SCI)收录的刊物上发表一篇论文可获得5000元人民币(约733美元)的奖励。SCI监控顶级期刊。

方说,在一些大学,发表一篇被SCI收录的论文的奖励能达到1万元(约1466美元)。如果在《自然》和《科学》之类的顶级期刊上发表论文,研究者可获得高达10万元(约14,660美元)的奖励。

武汉科技学院化学系的教授李伟说,影响力较小的大学更热衷于对发表论文给予经济刺激,但是,几乎在所有大学,发表论文的数量和研究者的晋升关系密切。

“尽管中国政府宣布对学术造假零容忍,实际上,很少有研究者因为不端行为受到严惩。大学倾向于袒护那些学术地位高的造假者,担心他们的权力和学校的声誉。”方说。

中国曾表示,希望在2020年成为一个科学研究的超级大国。

Chinese scientists dismissed after 70 suspect papers

Wu Ni

13 January 2010 SciDev.Net

[BEIJING] Two Chinese university lecturers have been dismissed after 70 papers they published in an international journal were revoked because of alleged fraud.

Hua Zhong and Tao Liu, lecturers at Jinggangshan University in south China’s Jiangxi Province, published the papers in 2007 in Acta Crystallographica Section E. But last month (19 December) the journal announced that the work was fraudulent and the lecturers were dismissed from their posts ten days later.

The incident is the latest in a spate of scientific fraud cases in China. The country tried to deal with the problem in 2006 by drawing up rules for tackling misconduct (see China sets up rules to combat scientific misconduct) and updating these by describing seven acts of academic misconduct, and their resulting penalties, in 2009 (see China issues another crackdown on scientific misconduct).

But Fang Zhouzi, a critic who has been fighting academic fraud in China for years, said that a profound change was needed in the way researchers’ work is evaluated.

Fang told SciDev.Net that Chinese universities and academic institutions attach too much importance to the quantity, rather than quality, of published papers.

“A researcher is rewarded and promoted largely based on the number of published papers, which poses dangerous incentives for researchers to commit fraud,” he said.

A university spokesperson said that the fraud had arisen because of the lecturers’ lack of moral integrity, saying that the school was fully unaware of it.

But Fang said that the university has responsibility because it sets a quantitative standard for evaluating researchers’ work.

He highlighted an announcement by Jinggangshan University in 2006, which stated that a researcher could be rewarded with 5,000 Chinese yuan (US$733) if publishing a paper in a journal catalogued by the Science Citation Index (SCI), which monitors leading journals.

Fang said that the award for publishing a paper catalogued by SCI can, in some universities, reach 10,000 yuan (US$1,466). And if the paper is published in top publications like Nature or Science, the researcher can be awarded as much as 100,000 yuan (US$14,660).

Li Wei, a chemistry professor from Wuhan University of Science and Engineering, said that less influential universities are more keen on financial incentives for publishing papers, but in almost all universities, the number of published papers is closely related to the promotion of a researcher.

“Although the Chinese government declares zero tolerance on academic fraud, in practice, few researchers are seriously punished for their misconduct. Universities tend to cover for those offenders with high academic status for fear of their power and the reputation of the school,” said Fang.

China has said that it wants to be a research superpower by 2020.



“天使之猫”奥斯卡的故事

12 02 2010年

记者:刘一
2010/02/12北京青年报

■“天使之猫”奥斯卡守候在病房门口 ■“天使之猫”奥斯卡守候在病房门口 ■美国医学教授多萨■美国医学教授多萨   陪伴50位临终病人走完生命最后阶段 专家指出动物的个别感知现象与“超能力”无关 ———

他的家在疗养院,他只陪伴走向生命终点的人。他是一只叫做“奥斯卡”的斑纹猫,似乎有着能“预知死亡”的能力,5年来,陪伴50名临终病人度过了人生的最后时刻。本报记者采访了长期关注此事的美国医学教授大卫·多萨。多萨在最近出版的书《和奥斯卡一起巡房:一只普通猫咪的神奇天赋》中,讲述了奥斯卡和临终病人的故事。

■临终病人最后几小时的守护者

“斯蒂尔之家”是位于美国罗得岛州首府的一家看护疗养院。2005年,奥斯卡被医护人员收养,住在疗养院的三楼。这层的临终病房里,有40多位重度痴呆症患者,他们在逐渐忘却记忆,走向死亡。

“最初是护士和护工先发现他的与众不同的。” 多萨告诉本报记者,大约在奥斯卡6个月大的时候,人们注意到,平时不与人亲近的他,却会走进病房,在某张病床前静静守候,而病人大多会在几个小时后辞世。开始医护人员以为这是巧合,但渐渐发现,每次奥斯卡陪伴的病人,几乎都是被确诊所剩时日不多的人。

多萨是美国布朗大学华伦·阿尔波特医学院的助理教授,他坦言最初听到这个消息时,对此持怀疑态度。“我是科学工作者,需要数据来让我信服。但我在观察过一段时间后,发现奥斯卡的行为确实像人们描述的那样。”

■感觉灵敏成为“预警员”

据英国媒体报道,奥斯卡的判断力有时比护士还准确。医护人员注意到,奥斯卡不会过早出现,一般会在病人离世的前几个小时现身。一次,几名护士把奥斯卡抱到一位他们认为生命垂危的病人身边,但奥斯卡却冲了出去,走到另外一间病房里一位病人的床边。当晚,奥斯卡守候的这位病人去世了,而护士们想让他陪伴的那位病人在两天后去世。

临终病人的情况通常很难判断,而奥斯卡被看成是一种特殊的“预警”系统。有几次,医护人员注意到了奥斯卡的“选择”,提前通知病人的家属,让他们能够及时赶到疗养院,和挚爱的人作最后的道别。

■温馨陪伴获得病人家属感谢

奥斯卡的这种“能力”,会让住在疗养院的病人感到不安吗?多萨说,“斯蒂尔之家”三楼的病人都是痴呆症晚期患者,在这种情况下,通常已丧失了沟通和行动能力,甚至连吞咽都很困难,他们不会把奥斯卡的到来和不祥的征兆联系到一起。

“病人的家属知道奥斯卡的出现意味着什么,但绝大多数人都很感谢奥斯卡,感谢他给了亲人在生命最后阶段的抚慰。”多萨说。

“斯蒂尔之家”的网站上介绍说,在很多逝者的讣告中或葬礼上,奥斯卡的名字都会被提到。当地一家医疗机构还曾表彰过奥斯卡。

■个别现象与“超能力”无关

2007年,《新英格兰医学杂志》上刊登了多萨撰写的关于奥斯卡的文章,引发了媒体的关注。很多媒体在报道奥斯卡时,称他是能“预知死亡”的猫,再加上西方习俗中有认为黑猫为象征死亡的不祥之物的看法,使得奥斯卡的故事蒙上一层神秘色彩。

多萨认为,并不应该夸大奥斯卡的这种能力。“我感觉,可能是奥斯卡闻到了濒死者身上的气味。我们知道,人们在濒死前会释放出酮,而这些化学物质是有气味的,大概他就是对气味作出了反应。”

科学打假人士方舟子在接受本报记者采访时表示,有的动物具备人所没有的感知能力,例如有的动物能够听到超声波和次声波,而人听不到。关于奥斯卡能“预报”死亡这件事,如果证实确有其事,那也属于个案,有可能是巧合,不能由此推断出这只猫就具备“超能力”。

多萨向本报记者强调,他更倾向于把这解释成为是奥斯卡在模仿医护人员的做法。“当患者最后的时刻来临时,护士会给予患者特殊的关照,奥斯卡可能是想成为其中的一员。”

对话

出书希望引发讨论临终关怀

记者:您眼中的奥斯卡是怎样的?

多萨:从外表上,他和其他猫没什么不同,是一只黑、白、灰三色猫。平时他对楼道里发生什么事情不感兴趣,但当患者到了临终阶段,他却表现得很警觉。

记者:奥斯卡出过错吗?

多萨:偶尔也有,但他的感觉总体来说非常准确。奥斯卡几乎陪伴了所有的逝者,除了个别情况下,患者家属要求把他请出房间。

记者:您写书想传达的信息是什么?

多萨:不仅是讲奥斯卡的故事,更重更要的是,我想引起人们对痴呆症患者的关注。美国有500万老年痴呆症患者,不仅患者受折磨,照顾他们的家属也是。《和奥斯卡一起巡房》讲的也是他们的故事。除此之外,我还想希望这本书能引发对临终关怀的讨论。如果这本书能够让读者明白,在人生的最后时刻有些事是刻不容缓的,那就达到目的了。



黔之驴与Bt转基因水稻

9 02 2010年

    新华社北京2月9日电 科技随笔:黔之驴与Bt转基因水稻

    新华社记者张小军

    人对不熟悉的事物往往会表现出本能的恐惧,就好像寓言“黔之驴”中第一次看到驴子的老虎,而这种恐惧往往是没有事实根据的。在我国批准生产两种转基因抗虫水稻的消息发布后,针对转基因食品安全性的讨论近日热火起来。在转基因的反对者中,许多人犯了寓言中老虎的错误——因为不了解而高估风险。

    针对转基因水稻的第一个怀疑的声音是:对虫子有害的水稻,人能吃吗?Bt转基因水稻的优点是植入的外来基因能制造Bt毒蛋白,抵御害虫对水稻的侵袭。但部分批评人士说,“虫子不要吃的东西人更不要吃”。这个说法很煽情,但不正确。

    人们一直狼吞虎咽着许多昆虫不吃的食物。昆虫和人的生理构造有本质区别,能杀死昆虫的食物,许多不危害人,甚至有益健康。知名科普作家方舟子在接受新华社记者电话采访时说,自然界中,蔬菜和水果经常产生天然杀虫剂或驱虫剂,虫子是不吃的,比如西红柿、柑橘、葱、蒜、辣椒、胡椒等。有时这些天然杀虫剂和驱虫剂甚至对人体有益,例如柑橘含有类柠檬酸,是一种天然的驱虫剂,也具有抗癌作用。

    作为一种天然杀虫剂,Bt毒蛋白的安全性久经考验。Bt毒蛋白由苏云金杆菌(拉丁学名Bacillus thuringiensis,因此简称Bt)制造。早在1938年,法国就开始使用Bt毒蛋白作为农田杀虫剂。1958年,美国步法国后尘开始使用Bt毒蛋白。由于这种农药对人体没有毒副作用,对环境没有污染,因此时下大行其道的有机食品广泛使用Bt毒蛋白作为杀虫剂。世界卫生组织在《关于转基因食品的20个问题》的文件中谨慎但肯定地说:“目前在国际市场上可获得的转基因食品已通过风险评估并且可能不会对人类健康产生危险。”

    针对转基因水稻的第二个怀疑的声音是:转基因违反自然规律,因为通过转基因技术,水稻等目标生物会被植入自然条件下绝对不可能拥有的基因。

    有这种疑问的人忽视了一点,科学已经、正在并且将要帮助人们实现自然条件下无法实现的奇迹。作为转基因育种技术来说,它并不比现有的育种技术更加“违反自然规律”。以被广泛接受的“诱变育种”为例,这种技术通过紫外线照射或者化学药剂涂抹等方法,诱使农作物种子发生基因突变。突变后的植物种子可能拥有从未有过的基因片断。如果这些突变符合要求,经过一段时间的试种,这类种子就会进入商业生产领域。

    “诱变育种”中的基因变化是不可预测的,带有很大的偶然性。而转基因技术是把特定的基因片断嵌入植物的基因组,所产生后果的可预测性和可控性都大为提高。从这个意义上来说,转基因育种比“诱变育种”更为安全。

    针对转基因水稻的第三个怀疑的声音是:转基因种子能把独特优势保持多久?

    的确,Bt转基因水稻不可能永远阻止害虫的侵害,但这并不影响推广转基因水稻。农作物和害虫是一对矛盾,农作物的抗虫害能力愈强,一段时间后,害虫抵抗特定杀虫剂的能力也就会提高,所谓道高一尺,魔高一丈。解决这一问题的办法是依赖科学的不断进步。在所谓“超级害虫”出现前,就有计划地研发出新的控制害虫新办法。与此类似,抗生素与病菌的斗争也是沿着这个循环上升的轨道前进的,结果是人类的健康水平和生活质量不断提高。

    另外,有许多办法推迟“超级害虫”出现的时间。比如害虫“避难所”。美国在大规模种植转基因农作物的同时,在农田中有意加入小片农田种植非转基因农作物。这一小片避难所”可以为害虫提供有限的食物。这个设计的目的是压低害虫发生基因突变并把突变基因传给后代的可能性,最终推迟“超级害虫”出现的时间。

    针对转基因水稻的第四个怀疑的声音是:为什么许多国家,特别是部分欧洲国家至今反对转基因农作物?

    除了政治、文化、经济等原因外,欧洲部分国家对引进转基因农作物犹豫不决的重要原因是这些国家的粮食自给有余,不急于通过转基因技术提高粮食产量。即使如此,欧洲国家的转基因农作物的种植面积也在上升。根据欧盟支持的“转基因生物指南针”网站公布的数据,包括西班牙、法国、捷克、葡萄牙、德国、斯洛伐克、罗马尼亚和波兰在内的欧洲八国转基因农作物种植面积从2005年的5.5万公顷上升到2008年的10.8万公顷。从世界范围来看,转基因农作物受欢迎程度更高。同样根据“转基因生物指南针”的数据,2008年,全球转基因农作物种植面积达到1.25亿公顷,比2007年上升9.4%。在美国、阿根廷和印度等农业大国,转基因农作物种植面积在2008年都有所上升,其中美国增加480万公顷,阿根廷增加190万公顷,印度增加140万公顷。目前,转基因大豆已经占全球大豆种植总面积的72%,转基因棉花占全球棉花种植总面积的47%。

    诚然,相比一些传统的科学学科,包括转基因在内的生物科学还是一门快速发展的新兴学科,尚有大片未知的处女地,但这不能成为人们犹豫不前的理由。

    “如果现在停止前进,中国将失去争夺转基因技术领先者的机会,”方舟子说。



香港《南华早报》:谎言揭露者

1 02 2010年

mag_magazine_dropcap_punched_o1.jpg(摄影:John Wu)

谎言揭露者

在大陆一些最富盛名的学者中广泛流行的腐败已经损坏了这个国家的科学界,但一个人决心要尽其一己之力揭露造假、净化学术环境。

记者:Paul Mooney
香港《南华早报》2010年1月31日

(Eddie翻译,经方舟子修改)

一月十六日,方是民以概述其二零零九年十大新闻来迎接这个新年。在他为人熟知的《新语丝》博客上,作为大陆自命的“科学警察”而同时被人尊敬和愤恨的方是民回顾了一系列惊人的指控:十二位大学校长和副校长被指抄袭;一位大学校长把一个并不属于他的科学大奖据为己有;两位教授因为在国际期刊上伪造科研结果被查出;一位医生为其新的手术方法夸大成功率,有可能已经导致了严重的医疗后果。

方是民列举的这些无赖行径让人觉得每一次当一位真正的天才灵机一动时就会有一位大陆科学家顺手偷窃其主意,获取不应有的荣誉。而这些案例对他博客的读者来说却又丝毫不令人惊讶。近十年来,以笔名方舟子创作的方是民一直用这个网站在与学术腐败作战。有些人认为,学术腐败在大陆如此猖獗,已经构成了对国家发展的威胁。

一九九五年在美国的密歇根州立大学获得生物化学博士学位的方舟子是在二零零年时开始关心这一现象的。那时候他开始在互联网和印刷媒体上看到越来越多的学术造假的报道。作为一个文学爱好者,方舟子已经有一个叫做《新语丝》的文学网站。他从那时起便把这个网站用来揭露学术欺诈。

“我关心中国的科学,”他坐在北京的一间咖啡厅里说道。“我希望看到它取得成就。(学术欺诈)在(这里)比其它任何国家都更普遍,比中国历史上其它任何时期都更普遍。”

中国科学技术协会做的一个调查发现他们联系的科学家中超出一半的人说他们亲身接触过学术不当行为事例。然而,只有极少数造假者受到惩罚。这是最令方舟子愤怒的地方。他在美国受到的训练使他了解到一种制度,那里很少有抄袭,而如果有的话,抄袭者会得到严厉的惩罚。

武汉大学信息管理学院的一位副教授沈阳率先开发了在大学论文里发现抄袭的软件。但使用这个新产品的决心还没有出现。

方舟子说在他揭露的九百多起学术腐败案例中,只有大约二十件受到了惩罚,而被惩罚者大多数是学生。

《新语丝》每星期有大约十万个点击。过去九年内有接近一千六百万人访问过这个网站,大多数是学术界人士和学生,也有记者。【译者注:原文如此。方舟子自己估计的是每星期十万位读者来访问。】政府有时候会屏蔽这个网站,迫使读者通过镜像站访问。

“《新语丝》是包括我自己在内的中国绝大多数科学记者的新闻资源,”《科学新闻》的记者方玄昌(与方是民无亲戚关系)说道,“实际上,最近几年媒体曝光的学术腐败事例中绝大多数都是最先由《新语丝》的供稿者揭露的。”这位记者把《新语丝》称作“深喉”,就像美国“水门事件”里那位告密者一样。

方舟子说他每天收到二十多件揭露学术腐败的电子邮件,他平均每天花四个小时时间处理这些事例。他说他处理时采用严格的标准:揭露者必须提供他们的真名实姓(很多人因为害怕报复而拒绝);必须提供具体证据;揭露的事例必须有意义。方舟子经常自己做调查,有时候会请教他不熟悉领域里的专家。

从自吹自擂获得冒牌的国际奖项到对知识产权的剽窃,学术腐败涵盖了广泛的领域。不下十六位中国学者声称他们赢得过一九八四年开始颁发的阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦世界科学奖。有些年度,不止一个大陆科学家声称获得该奖,尽管这个奖每年只给一个人。在颁发该奖项的世界文化委员会的网站上搜索获奖者名单时却看不到一个中国人名字。

二零零六年,方舟子在得到一个线索后检查了清华大学医学院新任助理院长贴在网站上的简历,他注意到其列出的科研论文中有一篇是关于艾滋病毒的分子生物学研究,那并不是这位院长的专业。开始怀疑的方舟子追踪下去,发现那篇论文出自在美国的一位与这位院长有着同样的姓和名字的第一个字母的中国科学家。他还发现这位教授对他的工作经历撒了谎。

方舟子指出华中科技大学的泌尿科教授肖传国关于其获得过美国泌尿协会大奖的说法是谎言。他质疑肖传国鼓吹的一个新手术的成功率。这位医生两次尝试成为地位崇高的中国科学院院士均告失败,学者们把这归于《新语丝》的功劳。

方舟子说,在1990年代以前,政府对科学和研究有着强有力的控制,它能够把作弊的盖子捂住。

“改革开放以后,控制没那么严了。那是好事情。”他说道,“我们不希望政府控制所有的事情。但副作用是腐败和不正当行为都冒出来了。”

评论家说政府对高等教育系统现代化的努力让问题更加恶化。教育部和大学在学术上施加压力,要求在收录进“科学引文索引”的期刊上发表论文。学校的排名、资助和奖金经常与这样的标准挂钩。

方舟子说,一位博士候选人必须发表至少三篇论文才能毕业,许多硕士研究生也被要求发表文章。“这是一个巨大的负担,尤其是对学生物学或医学的学生。”方舟子说道。

这个不发表就毁灭的现象甚至已经延伸到在小学院和中学教书的老师那里。但在需要发表的论文数目超出这个国家的主要刊物能够刊载的数量时(这是一个每年接近五十万的数字),新的趋势便是出现了一系列低质量的“非法刊物”,在那上面作者可以付钱来发表自己的文章。

“这已经成为一个巨大的产业。”方舟子指出,“没有人相信这种刊物上发表的文章。那只是为了评职称。”

发表文章的压力使得学者们大量制造论文,经常顾及不到科研的质量或甚至不加注明地直接从其它资料里照搬材料。在许多情况下,教授让他们的研究生自己做科研。如果学生抄袭,教授便可以宣称不知情。

在方舟子看来,问题之一在于不用害怕被抓到。

“因为大多数科学家都卷入了不当行为,没人在乎了,”他说,“所以他们不觉得这有什么了不得的。你无需要担心会被抓住或受到惩罚。”

方舟子说官方也有责任。

“官员有着发放研究经费的权力,却对科学一无所知。”他说,“他们只知道数一个人发表的学术论文的数目。你只需去抄他人的论文,他们说,‘干得好,给你经费。’”

大学和政府通常不愿意惩罚造假者,尤其是那些高级科学家和与共产党有关系的人,也就是几乎所有的高级学术官员。

“政府官员不愿意调查和惩处大学的校长或副校长,因为这对他们没有任何好处。”方舟子指出。

大学通常会掩盖这样的行为来保护学校的声誉。方舟子说科学院的院士能为他们的学校带来大量的资金。他说,他的网站揭露了几十位院士的不当行为却没有一个被正式调查或惩罚。

中国科学院生物物理所的何士刚是方舟子的支持者,他说,“所有的事情都归结于政治制度。如果政治制度腐败,就没办法让其它事情有一个清洁的环境。”

“(虽然造假数量在增加),媒体上报道的只是非常小的一部分,”方玄昌说,“记者得考虑报道这些事时是否有风险。结果许多案例就没有被报道。”

中国的学术作弊源远流长。在清朝(1644-1911),需要通过科举考试才能获取有油水的官僚位置的考生使用过各种各样的手段,包括偷带进微型书籍、指甲大小的作弊材料,甚至穿着写有相关材料的内衣内裤。

一九六四年,毛泽东在一次讲话中竟然为了批评僵硬的教育系统和其对考试的重视而鼓吹作弊。他宣布说:“考试可以交头接耳,甚至冒名顶替。冒名顶替时也不过是照人家的抄一遍,我不会,你写了,我抄一遍,也可以有些心得。”

作弊在学生中间也很普遍。近年来,“枪手”被雇佣来代考。在大陆可以找到枪手参加任何考试,包括英语考试。一个现在已被关闭的网站提供三种服务:两千元可以获得一个枪手,四千元可以事先得到答案,或者只花一千二百元,考试的答案可以通过一个不比指甲大的进口的“卫星接收器”传递进考场。

方舟子说他不通过网站获得任何收入,他通过写作科普书籍谋生。

已经有十一件案件起诉这位斗士:法院在三个案件上判决对他不利,驳回了五个,另外三个还在等待判决。

肖传国在他任教的湖北省武汉的地方法院上起诉方舟子诽谤,他赢了该官司和上诉案。方舟子对判决不予理睬。去年,法院从他妻子的银行账户里取走了40763元。

有些案例看起来近乎荒唐。二零零六年十一月,学者刘子华的家属控告方舟子诽谤。在三十年代,刘子华认为他已经用中国古代哲学的八卦理论发现了太阳系第十颗行星。方舟子把它称为“伪科学”。北京第二中级法院判方舟子输了,对他罚款两万元,尽管刘子华已经在十四年前离世。

何士刚认为方舟子在法庭上的失败是政治、地方保护主义和不健全的法制系统的结果。“我觉得他的工作做得非常仔细。这是我非常尊重他的原因。”

支持者们已经建立了一个资金来帮助他支付法庭费用和支持另一个反驳他的批评者的网站。

同时,越来越多的人担心学术作弊可能会对大陆的科学和教育的发展形成威胁。方舟子说国际学术刊物现在对接受来自中国科学家的论文很犹豫。这个问题在上个月得以凸显:科学刊物《晶体学报》E分卷发表社论宣布由江西省井冈山大学两位科学家在二零零七年提交的七十篇晶体结构论文是捏造的。

纽约州立大学列文国际关系贸易研究所的一位高级研究员曹聪在这个月撰文介绍说这个同行评议的刊物现在已经充斥了来自中国的论文,主要是因为这只是一个晶体结构的数据库,文章长度通常只有一页纸,不需要经过严格的评议程序。曹聪写道,黑龙江大学的一位化学教授在过去五年里在《晶体学报》发表了297篇论文。

这个事件引起了医学刊物《柳叶刀》主编理查德·豪顿的注意。他认为产生这些问题的原因是根据中国学者发表文章的数目进行奖励的制度。

“不幸的是,在中国存在着造假的巨大动力,”他在《柳叶刀》的网站上写道,“当你把有名声的工作位置和大量的金钱同发表数目紧密地联系起来时,便会创造出造假的条件。

“问题是中国的科学在一些领域是否还值得信任,这会影响到中国的经济发展。”

“学术腐败对纳税人的钱的浪费骇人听闻,”方玄昌说,“而且,学术界的腐败趋势会降低科学研究效率,严重地阻碍中国的国际化梦想。”

尽管表面上看来《新语丝》只得到了有限的成功,北大生命科学学院院长饶毅指出,“如果没有方是民,中国的学术腐败会更严重。”

“方舟子与学术不当行为的斗争效果不应该只用受到惩罚的人数来衡量,”方玄昌说,“更重要的是让那些可能作弊的人害怕,这已经导致减少了学术界这种现象的发生。”

方舟子说虽然教育部和科技部都颁布了处理学术不端行为的条例,但他怀疑是否会被执行。他说科技部在二零零七年成立了一个科研诚信建设办公室,但他从没听说这个办公室调查过一个案例。他还认为科技部的一些官员自身腐败,在分发科研资金时接受回扣。

“至少那里有一个办公室,”他乐观地说,“政府现在认识到这是个问题,虽然它还没有做什么事,我也觉得这是个进步。”

Lie Detector

Widespread corruption among some of the mainland’s most ambitious academics has undermined the country’s scientific community but one man has made it his mission to expose the culprits and clean up the system 

Paul Mooney
Jan 31, 2010, South China Morning Post Magazine
      
On January 16, Fang Shimin kicked off the new year with a recap of his top 10 news items of 2009. On his popular New Threads blog (www.xys.org), Fang, both respected and hated as the mainland’s self-appointed “science cop”, revisited a string of startling allegations: 12 university presidents and vice-presidents accused of plagiarism; a university president who claimed a leading scientific prize that was not rightfully his; two professors caught faking research results in an international journal; and a medical doctor who distorted the success rate for a new surgical procedure, which could have had serious health implications.
Fang’s rogue’s gallery made it seem like every time a light bulb goes on in the head of a genuine genius, there’s a mainland scientist at hand to steal the idea and bask in the illicit glory, but the list came as no surprise to followers of the blog. For close to a decade, Fang, who goes by the pen name Fang Zhouzi, has been using the site to battle academic corruption, which, some say, has become so endemic on the mainland, it poses a threat to the country’s development.
 Fang, who earned a PhD in biochemistry from Michigan State University, in the United States, in 1995, became concerned about the phenomenon in 2000, when he started to see an increase in reports of academic cheating on the internet and in the print media. A fan of literature, Fang had a literary website called New Threads, which he has since employed to expose academic fraud.
“I care about science in China,” he says, sitting in a Beijing cafe. “I want to see it go somewhere. [Academic fraud] is more common [here] than in any other country and more common than in any other period in Chinese history.”
A survey conducted by the China Association for Science and Technology showed more than half of the scientists contacted said they were personally familiar with cases of scientific misconduct. However, few of the guilty parties are punished and that’s what irks Fang, whose training in the US exposed him to a system in which plagiarism is rare and, when it does occur, is severely punished.
Shen Yang, an associate professor at the Information Management School of Wuhan University, pioneered software that detects plagiarism in university papers, but the will to implement such innovation has yet to surface.
Fang says that out of the more than 900 cases of academic corruption he has exposed only 20 have resulted in punishment - and the majority of those involved students.
New Threads receives about 100,000 hits a week, with close to 16 million people - academics and students primarily but also journalists - having visited it during the past nine years. The government occasionally blocks access, forcing users to reach it via mirror sites.
“New Threads is the news source for the vast majority of science journalists in China, including myself,” says Fang Xuanchang (no relation to Fang Shimin), a reporter with Science News. “Actually, the vast majority of the cases of academic corruption that were brought to light by the media in recent years were originally exposed by contributors to the New Threads blog,” says the journalist, who calls the site the “New Threads deep throat”, in reference to the informant in the US’ Watergate scandal.
Fang Shimin says he gets more than 20 e-mails a day reporting academic corruption and he spends an average of four hours following up on the claims. He says he applies strict criteria in handling reports: accusers must provide their name - many decline to do this out of fear of retribution; concrete evidence must be provided; and the case must be relevant. Fang often does his own research, sometimes consulting with experts in fields he is less familiar with.
Academic corruption runs the gamut from false claims about international awards to outright intellectual-property theft. No less than 16 Chinese scholars have claimed to have won the prestigious Albert Einstein World Award of Science since it was launched in 1984. For some years, more than one mainland scientist has claimed the award, despite that fact that it is given to only to one person a year. A search of the recipients list on the website of the World Cultural Council - the body that bestows the honour - yields not one Chinese name.
In 2006, when Fang, acting on a tip, pored over the online resume of the new assistant dean of Tsinghua University’s medical school, he became suspicious when he noticed that one of the research papers it listed was about the molecular biology of HIV - a subject not related to the dean’s speciality: surgery. Fang dug a bit further and discovered that the paper had been written by a Chinese scientist in the US with the same family name and first initial. He also discovered the professor had lied about his work experience.
Fang argued that Xiao Chuanguo, professor of urology at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, had lied about winning a major award given by the American Urological Association and questioned the success rate of a new surgical procedure being touted by Xiao. The doctor failed in two attempts to be appointed to the prestigious Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and scholars credit New Threads for this.
Fang says that prior to the 1990s, the government had tight control on science and research and managed to keep a lid on cheating.
“After reform and opening, the controls were relaxed, and that was a good thing,” he says. “We don’t want the government controlling everything. But the side effect was that corruption and misconduct emerged.”
Critics say government efforts to modernise the higher-education system are exacerbating the problem. The Ministry of Education and universities put pressure on academics to publish in journals catalogued by the Science Citation Index. School rankings, funding and monetary rewards are often based on such results.
A PhD candidate has to publish at least three papers before he can graduate, says Fang, and many graduate students are also required to publish. “That’s huge, particularly for someone in biology or medicine,” says Fang.
The publish-or-perish phenomenon has even extended to people teaching at junior colleges and high schools. But as more papers need to be published than can be accommodated by the country’s key journals - the numbers run close to 500,000 per year - the trend has spawned a raft of low-quality “black journals”, in which people pay to have their papers published.
“It’s become a huge industry,” says Fang. “And no one trusts the papers published in this kind of journal. It’s just for promotion.”
The pressure to publish has meant scholars churn out papers, often paying little attention to the quality of research or even lifting information from other sources without giving attribution. In many cases, professors allow their graduate students to do their research. If the student plagiarises, the professor pleads ignorance.
One of the problems, as Fang sees it, is that the fear of being caught is no disincentive.
“No one cares because the majority of scientists are involved in misconduct,” he says. “So they don’t think it’s a big deal. You don’t need to worry about being caught or punished.”
Officials bear some of the blame, too, says Fang.
“The officials who have the power to distribute funding for research know nothing about science,” he says. “They only know how to count the number of academic papers one has published. You only have to copy other peoples’ papers and they say, `You’ve done a good job, here’s your funding.’”
Universities and the government are often reluctant to punish cheaters, especially high-level scientists or someone who has Communist Party connections, which means just about any senior academic official.
“Government officials don’t want to investigate and punish a vice-president or a president of a university because there’s nothing in it for them,” says Fang.
Universities will usually try to cover up such behaviour to protect the reputation of the institution. CAS members bring in large amounts of funding for their universities, Fang says. His website has exposed the misdeeds of about 20 members of the academy but none has been officially investigated or punished, he says.
He Shigang, of the CAS’ Institute of Biophysics and a supporter of Fang, says: “Everything boils down to the political system. If the political system is corrupted you can’t have a clean environment for anything.”
“[Although the number is rising slightly] what appears in the media is a very small minority of the cases,” says Fang Xuanchang. “Journalists have to consider whether or not there’s a risk in reporting something. As a result, many cases go unreported.”
There’s a long history of scholarly cheating in China. During the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), scholars taking the rigorous imperial exam, to win coveted positions in the civil service, resorted to all sorts of tricks, including smuggling in miniature books, cheat sheets the size of a fingernail and even undershirts covered with relevant information.
In 1964, Mao Zedong went so far as to endorse cheating during a speech in which he criticised the staid education system and its emphasis on exams.
“At examinations, whispering into each other’s ears and taking other people’s places ought to be allowed,” he declared. “If your answer is good and I copy it, then mine should be counted as good.”
Cheating is also rampant among students. In recent years, qiangshou, or “hired guns”, have been employed to take exams. Their services can be retained for just about any test on the mainland, including English language exams. One now-defunct website offered three options: a hired gun for 2,000 yuan (HK$2,275), answers in advance for 4,000 yuan or, for 1,200 yuan, answers provided during the test via a wireless device described as an imported “satellite receiver” no bigger than a thumbnail.
Fang says he makes no money from his blog, relying instead on the popular science books he writes to earn a living.
Eleven lawsuits have been brought against the crusader: courts ruled against him in three cases and dismissed five, while three are pending.
Xiao sued Fang for libel in a local court in Wuhan, Hubei province, where he teaches, winning the case and an appeal. Fang ignored the ruling and, last year, the court deducted 40,763 yuan from his wife’s bank account.
Some of the legal cases have bordered on the absurd. In November 2006, the family of scholar Liu Zihua sued Fang for libel. In the 30s, Liu argued that he had used the Eight Diagrams theory - from ancient Chinese philosophy - to discover a 10th planet in the solar system, a claim Fang labelled “pseudoscience”. The No 2 Beijing Intermediary Court ruled against Fang, fining him 20,000 yuan - despite the fact that Liu had passed away 14 years earlier.
Fang’s legal setbacks are the result of politics, local cronyism and a flawed legal system, claims He. “I think he does his homework very carefully. That’s the reason I respect him so much.”
Supporters have set up a legal defence fund to defray his court costs as well as another website to fight his detractors.
Meanwhile, there is growing concern that academic cheating could adversely affect the development of education and science on the mainland. Fang says international academic journals are now reluctant to accept submissions from Chinese scholars, a problem that was highlighted last month when scientific journal Acta Crystallographica Sections E published an editorial announcing that some 70 crystal structures submitted by two scientists from Jinggangshan University, in Jiangxi, in 2007, had been faked.
Cao Cong, a senior research associate with the Neil D Levin Graduate Institute of International Relations and Commerce at the State University of New York, wrote this month that the peer-reviewed journal had been flooded with Chinese papers, ostensibly because it’s just a database of crystal structures in which articles are usually one page long and go through a less-than-vigorous review process. Cao wrote that one chemistry professor at Heilongjiang University had submitted 297 papers to Acta Crystallographica over the past five years.
The incident attracted the attention of Richard Horton, editor-in-chief of medical journal The Lancet, who wrote that rewarding Chinese scholars for being prolific publishers was creating problems.
“In China, unfortunately, there are great incentives to commit fraud,” he wrote on The Lancet’s website. “When you make prestigious jobs and large amounts of money closely tied to publication, that creates conditions for fraud.
“The concern is if science in China cannot be trusted in certain areas, that undermines China’s economic growth.”
“Academic corruption is an incredible waste of taxpayer money,” says Fang Xuanchang. “Furthermore, this general trend of corruption in scholarly circles will lead to a decline in the efficacy of scientific research and seriously obstruct China’s dream of internationalising.”
While on the surface it appears New Threads has had limited success, “without Fang Shimin, academic corruption in China would have been worse”, says Rao Yi, dean of the School of Life Sciences at Peking University.
“Fang’s goal of fighting academic misconduct should not be simply reduced to the number of people who are punished,” says Fang Xuanchang. “The more important thing is making those potential cheaters afraid, which has resulted in reducing the emergence of this phenomenon within the academic world.”
Fang Shimin says the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) have both laid down guidelines for dealing with academic misconduct but he doubts they will be enforced. MoST set up the Office of Scientific Research Integrity in 2007, he says, but he’s not heard of the office investigating a single case. He also contends that some MoST officials are corrupt and accept kickbacks for handing out research funding.
“There’s an office at least,” he says, optimistically. “The government now recognises that it’s a problem - and although it hasn’t done anything, I think that’s progress.”



“疯狂”论文造假背后

29 01 2010年

中国新华新闻电视网(CNC)
http://news.xinhuanet.com/video/2010-01/27/content_12884750.htm

     节目导视:

    两名大学讲师疯狂炮制70篇“造假”论文被曝光(同期声:有种失去理智一样的,练气功练得有点走火入魔一样的);

    高校学术不端行为愈演愈烈根源何在(同期声:整个价值观完全发生移位和扭曲)。 

    敬请关注《新华视点》--《“疯狂”论文造假背后》。

    【演播室主持人】新华视点,带您走向新闻制高点。您好,我是董千齐,今天我们关注的话题是江西井冈山大学两位教师学术造假事件。仅用不到两年的时间,就在国际学术期刊上发表了70篇论文,井冈山大学钟华和刘涛两位年轻老师的“科研成果”曾让同事望尘莫及。直到前不久他们的造假行为被揭穿,人们才恍然大悟,原来这不过是学术界的又一大丑闻。

    【解说】2009年12月19日,国际学术期刊《晶体学报》官方网站发表声明,认为江西井冈山大学化学化工学院讲师钟华和工学院讲师刘涛从2006年到2008年在这一刊物发表的70篇论文存在造假现象,并作出一次性撤销的决定。如此大规模地论文造假,引起学术界的广泛关注。

    【同期】江西井冈山大学副校长 曾建平:

        立即成立了相关的调查小组,从学院、学科层面开始调查,然后学校也有一个调查小组,学院和学校两级层面的调查小组开展工作。

    【同期】江西井冈山大学化学化工学院院长 方小牛:

    我们错误分为3种情况,第一种情况呢,他是真正在实验室里做出来的,这种真实的数据,论文也是真实的;第二种呢,就是他有意伪造的一些数据;第三种呢,就是说由于实验不严谨、记录不完善,可能无意当中产生的一些错误,导致的结果也是错误,大概分这么三种情况。

    【解说】经过将近10天的调查,调查组得出结论,钟华和刘涛二人的“涉假”论文属于三种情况中最坏的一种,即有意伪造数据。也就是说,70篇登在国外学术期刊上的论文根本没有通过实验室进行严谨的科学论证,而是篡改和伪造实验数据拼凑而成。那么,在不到两年的时间里,这些造假论文是怎样被大量炮制出来的呢?

    【同期】江西井冈山大学化学化工学院院长 方小牛:

    因为这个杂志它是一个网络版,容量大,因为它是一个网络版呢,发表周期也快,这是一个。另外一点呢这个《晶体学报》上的文章,它不是一种full paper,它是一种结构报告,只要数据准确,数据完整,并且能够通过系统的一套严格的自检程序的检查和审稿人的审稿,所以发表周期快,所以理论上来说他在一两年内做这么几十篇的文章还是可信的。

    【解说】2009年12月28日,井冈山大学学术委员会对钟华、刘涛作出“撤销造假学术成果、追回奖金、解聘专业技术职务、开除公职、开除党籍等”严厉处罚。然而,事情并没有随着两位老师被逐出校门而划上句号。人们普通的疑问是,作为这样一所并不知名的普通高校里的大学讲师,为什么要在短时间内伪造大量论文发表在国外期刊上呢?

    【同期】全国政协委员 江西师范大学教授 王东林:

    所有在研究机构、在大学工作的老师,都有一种压力,这个压力是什么呢?它每年都要对这个老师进行考评。你到了年终的时候要填很多的表格,你今年完成了多少课题,你发表了多少文章,出了多少著作等等等等,而且这些东西是通过指标固定下来的。

    【解说】对压力一说,井冈山大学校予以否定。校方认为,2007年井冈山大学从原先的学院扩建为大学,学校本身并没有承担重要的科研项目,况且钟华、刘涛均为普通讲师,考核任务也不重。

    【同期】江西井冈山大学副校长 曾建平:

    (考核方面)讲师是320个标准课时,科研工作分的话是1分。这1分的话是什么概念,就是在学校规定的最低档次D类刊物上面就可以完成,只要一篇(论文)就可以完成。

    【解说】对于他们疯狂造假的原因,校方归结为个人原因。记者试图多次联系钟华和刘涛本人,但都没能联系上。

    【实况】记者拨打电话,忙音

    【同期】江西井冈山大学化学化工学院院长 方小牛:

    有种失去理智一样的,练气功练得有点走火入魔一样的。

    【解说】尽管校方否认教师有考核压力,但记者注意到,从2006年1月1日起执行的《井冈山学院科研工作奖励办法(试行)》中规定,凡被SCI收录的学术论文每篇奖励5000元,同时附加奖励1000元。SCI为“科学引文索引”的英文缩写,是美国科学家创建的一个科学论文资料数据库,而钟华和刘涛发表造假论文的《晶体学报》,恰恰就属于SCI收录的国际学术期刊。

    【同期】电话采访著名学术打假人 方舟子:

    以前还排过名次的,就是各个学校SCI论文的排名榜,哪个学校是第一,或者哪个老师是SCI论文的冠军。这就是学校它本身有这种的需求,能够表示出自己做出了很大的政绩。所以为了刺激老师尽量多地发表论文,就制定出奖励的政策。

    【同期】全国政协委员 江西师范大学教授 王东林:

    金钱至上,金钱万能,认为重赏之下必有勇夫。现在这就是我们的管理方式。

    【解说】更为荒唐的是,当学术论文已不单纯是学术研究的成果,而变为换取金钱的砝码,打着“论文”旗号的人情交易也上演了。在这起造假事件中,29篇以刘涛为第一作者的文章竟然全部是钟华代写的。

    【同期】江西井冈山大学工学院院长 肖冠云:

    起因是他们两个人的爱人是同乡,他们两家交往比较多一些。从主观上呢他(刘涛)当时是希望他(钟华)帮忙写个一两篇就行,但是到2008年大概3月份左右,钟华就把28(29)篇以刘涛的名义发表的论文的复印件,就交给了刘涛。

    【解说】就这样,工学院的讲师刘涛发表了和自己专业毫无关系的20多篇化学领域的论文。而在以刘涛的名义发表的部分文章中,还署有第二、第三作者的名字。

    【同期】江西井冈山大学工学院院长 肖冠云:

    他是在发表之前呢,钟华问刘涛,他说你要不要再挂什么第二或者第三作者,刘涛他就想当然地觉得哪几个人是他同学啦,或者关系好一点啊,他就擅自做主张,把人家的名字挂上去,一直到论文出来以后呢,人家本人都不知道。

    【解说】在井冈山大学的宣传网页上,至今还赫然写着学校已有多少篇论文入选SCI等国际学术刊物。而这种以论文为考核、奖励导向的量化考评机制在其他高校也并不少见。

    【同期】全国政协委员 江西师范大学教授 王东林:

    这种制度带来的个体价值观的崩溃,整个价值观完全发生移位和扭曲,因为你有这样的制度导向,急功近利,功利心的导向,导致了价值观的偏离。也就是说,我文章写得多,第一可以评职称,我可以不断地评职称;第二我可以获得名望,因为还有什么学者,什么千百万人才工程等等等等,而且所有的这些称号都和利结合起来了,名和利紧密结合在一块。

    【同期】江西省政协委员民革江西省委会秘书长 许小欢:

    一个是从道德层面上面,另一个还要从法律层面,现在我们有知识产权法,依据法律对学术论文的写作发表应该立法,发现造假的应该从法律层面追究责任。

    【演播室主持人】井冈山大学教师论文造假事件不是第一起,可能也不会是最后一起。当沉重的科研压力遇到形同虚设的监管网络,当学术的良知和尊严让位于世俗的功名和利禄,无论是高校还是其他科研机构,都将不可避免地沦为名利场。正如这些专家所说,只有量化考评的科研体制彻底改变,学术造假的不端行为才有望消除。好,感谢收看本期《新华视点》,再见!



英国《自然》:中国科研的不发表就灭亡

14 01 2010年

有人说,凑高影响期刊论文篇数的压力很可能会助长学术不端。

英国《自然》463, 142-143 (2010)
记者:Jane Qiu
翻译:clark

在中国一系列引人注目的学术造假案件中,最近的一起更凸显了一个过度强调发表的学术评价体系的问题,批评人士这样说道。上个月,英国的《结晶学报(E)》的编辑一次性撤消了70篇已经发表的晶体结构——编辑们断言这些晶体结构是江西省井冈山大学的研究人员编造出来的。而且以后可能还会有更多的撤消。

对于那些能吸引眼球的发表,中国大学经常给与现金奖励,住房优惠和其他外快;而发表的压力也是与日俱增。比如,武汉大学的一项最新研究估计,诸如找枪手炮制论文等买卖论文与经营非法学术期刊活动仅在2009年市值已达十亿,五倍于2007年的数字。在其他的研究中,来自主要大学和研究机构的被调查研究人员有三分之一承认有过剽窃、篡改、编造数据的行为。

“学术不端已经到了令人不安的程度,”安阿堡的密西根大学研究伦理与诚信项目的负责人Nicholas Steneck说:“这集中体现了中国在争取迅速地提高研究地位,试图成为科学界世界级选手的过程中所面临的挑战。而在中国这样一个巨大的研究体系当中,研究质量自然是良莠不齐的……”

作为对结晶学论文被撤消的回应,两周前井冈山大学开除了论文的两位通讯作者—钟华和刘涛。现在还不清楚他们的共同作者,其中包括来自中国其他研究机构的研究人员,是否会被调查。

这份期刊的编辑说,在测试一款用来标识潜在错误和罕见化学结构(比如,原子间不正常的距离)的软件时,这些论文露出了马脚。这款软件确认了大量在化学上根本说不过去的晶体结构。在进一步的核实表明,编辑说,论文的作者仅仅置换了现存化合物已知结构中一两个原子的位置,就把它们作为新的结构提交了。现在无法联络到钟华和刘涛来听取他们的申诉。

期刊的编辑们正在检查其他已经发表的晶体结构的真实性,包括所有来自井冈山大学的投稿。

在这份期刊过去五年所发表的所有二十万余种晶体结构中,一半来自中国。E卷的三名编辑之一,来自英国阿伯丁大学的化学家William Harrison不愿意讨论正在进行当中的调查,但他说由一个研究团队产生出大量晶体结构并不一定有问题,因为衍射仪一天很容易就可以收集几个数据集。“就投到E卷的论文来说,从中国来的大部分都是测定正确的结构,他们对科学做出了有价值的贡献”,他又说道。

但是,武汉大学的研究表明学术不端行为在很多领域都广泛传播。计算机专家沈阳所领导的小组运用网站分析和实地调查确定了一大批非法出版活动。其中包括枪手代写的文章和凭空捏造的论文,通过贿赂逃避评审以及干脆伪造合法出版的的中国期刊和国际期刊。

研究人员分析了干这些非法营生的最热门的800家网站——他们的点击量一天就能累积到二十一万次,发现每笔交易通常是六百到一万两千元人民币。沈阳说,其中四分之三的需求来自大学和研究机构,“整个出版过程就是一个巨大的产业链”。

出于对这种趋势的担心,中国科技部委托进行了一项针对研究人员的调查。虽然调查结果尚未公开,但有些来源对《自然》透露:超过6000名遍及六家顶级研究机构的被调查者当中大约三分之一的人承认有过剽窃、篡改和编造行为。参与这项调查的清华大学科技与社会研究所所长曾国平说,许多人将这些不端行为的首要原因归结为急功近利的文化。

第二个经常被提及的原因是,在中国学术活动受到官僚的干涉。大多数学术评估,从人员聘用、职称晋升到基金分配,都是由官僚完成的,而他们都不是相关领域的专家,方是民(方舟子)这样解释。方是民是一位曾在美国接受学术训练的生化专家,现在开办一个名为“新语丝”的网站,专门揭露中国的学术不端行为。“由于官僚把持,数论文的数目,而不是评价研究的质量,成了评估的常态,”方是民如是说。

曾国平在清华大学的同事曹南燕,由北京市政府委托也开展了一项相似的调查,调查了来自10所大学和研究机构的2000名研究人员。结果也发现在答复问卷的人中有三分之一承认有过违规的学术不端行为。

在北京大学生命学院院长饶毅这样的批评者看来,缺乏对造假者严厉的制裁措施,即使在引人瞩目的案件当中也付之阙如,是学术欺诈猖獗的原因之一。上海交通大学的一位前院长陈进曾被指控谎称制造出一系列的数字信号处理芯片,但除了被解聘以外没有任何其他后果。同时,卷入这件丑闻中的其他人员也是毫发未损依然如故。许多研究人员对这一事实进行了批评。

饶毅说:“这样令人侧目的丑闻都没有得到应有的处理,那就是发出了一个非常错误的信号。”

Published online 12 January 2010 | Nature  463, 142-143 (2010) | doi:10.1038/463142a

Publish or perish in China

The pressure to rack up publications in high-impact journals could encourage misconduct, some say.

Jane Qiu

The latest in a string of high-profile academic fraud cases in China underscores the problems of an academic-evaluation system that places disproportionate emphasis on publications, critics say. Editors at the UK-based journal Acta Crystallographica Section E last month retracted 70 published crystal structures that they allege are fabrications by researchers at Jinggangshan University in Jiangxi province. Further retractions, the editors say, are likely.

Chinese universities often award cash prizes, housing benefits or other perks on the basis of high-profile publications, and the pressure to publish seems to be growing. A new study from Wuhan University, for instance, estimates that the market for dubious science-publishing activities, such as ghostwriting papers on nonexistent research, was of the order of 1 billion renminbi (US$150 million) in 2009 — five times the amount in 2007. In other studies, one in three researchers surveyed at major universities and research institutions admitted to committing plagiarism, falsification or fabrication of data.

“The extent of the misconduct is disturbing,” says Nicholas Steneck, director of the Research Ethics and Integrity Program at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. “It highlights the challenges China faces as it struggles to rapidly improve the research capacity of a very large system — with significant variations in quality — to be a world-class player in science.”

Two weeks ago, reacting to the retractions of the crystallography papers, Jinggangshang University fired the correspondent authors, Zhong Hua and Liu Tao. It is unclear whether their co-authors, who include researchers from other institutions in China, will also be investigated.

The journal’s editors say that the discrepancies came to light during tests of software designed to flag possible errors and unusual chemical features, such as abnormal distances between atoms. The software identified a large number of crystal structures that didn’t make sense chemically; further checking, the editors say, suggests that the authors simply changed one or more atoms of an existing compound of known structure, then presented that structure as new. Zhong and Liu could not be reached for comment.

Editors at the journal are now checking the authenticity of other published crystal structures, including all submissions from Jinggangshan University.

Half of the 200,000-odd crystal structures published by the journal during the past five years have come from China. William Harrison, a chemist at the University of Aberdeen, UK, who is one of three section editors for the journal, would not discuss the ongoing investigation but says that the generation of large numbers of structures by one group would not necessarily raise questions, because diffractometers can easily collect a couple of data sets a day. “In terms of papers submitted to Acta E, the vast majority coming from China are correctly determined structures, and they make a valuable contribution to science,” he says.

Nevertheless, the Wuhan University study suggests that misconduct could be widespread in many fields. The team, led by computer scientist Shen Yang, used website analyses and onsite investigations to identify a wide range of dubious publishing activities. These include ghostwriting theses and academic papers on fictional research, bypassing peer-review for payment, and forging copies of legitimate Chinese or international journals.

The researchers analysed the most popular 800 websites involved in such activities — which together rack up 210,000 hits a day — and found that the cost of each transaction is typically 600–12,000 renminbi. Three-quarters of the demand comes from universities and institutions, says Shen. “There is a massive production chain for the entire publishing process,” he says.

Concerned by such trends, China’s science ministry commissioned a survey of researchers, the results of which remain under wraps. However, several sources revealed to Nature that roughly one-third of more than 6,000 surveyed across six top institutions admitted to plagiarism, falsification or fabrication. Many blamed the culture of jigong jinli — seeking quick success and short-term gain — as the top reason for such practices, says Zeng Guopin, director of the Institute of Science Technology and Society at Tsinghua University in Beijing who was involved in running the survey.

The second most-cited cause is bureaucratic interference in academic activities in China. Most academic evaluation — from staff employment and job promotion to funding allocation — is carried out by bureaucrats who are not experts in the field in question, says Fang Shimin, a US-trained biochemist who runs a website called ‘New Threads’ that exposes research misconduct in China. “When that happens, counting the number of publications, rather than assessing the quality of research, becomes the norm of evaluation,” he says.

Cao Nanyan, a colleague of Zeng’s at Tsinghua, conducted a similar survey commissioned by the Beijing municipality, which surveyed 2,000 researchers from 10 universities and research institutions. It, too, found that roughly one-third of respondents admitted to illegitimate practices.

To critics such as Rao Yi, dean of the life-science school at Peking University in Beijing, the lack of severe sanctions for fraudsters, even in high-profile cases, also contributes to rampant academic fraud. Many researchers criticize the fact that Chen Jin, a former researcher at Shanghai Jiao Tong University who is accused of falsely claiming to have developed a series of digital signal-processing chips, was fired with no other repercussions. Meanwhile, others involved in the scandal have gone unpunished.

“You send out a very wrong signal when such high-profile cases are not dealt with properly,” says Rao.



音频:方舟子在北京新闻广播谈井冈山大学假论文事件

12 01 2010年

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